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Name the criteria: what job are you searching for?

Set the job search criteria, i. e. what is the time period that you are willing to devote to job search and what kind of job is it that you want.

Criterion	Description
Position, job tasks
Place: geographical place, economic sector, type of company (private, public, non-governmental, etc.)
Conditions: salary, part time/full time, career opportunities, team, expectations for the manager)
Start date

 

Prepare a job search plan

Create a plan for your job search: decide on the days you will perform specific tasks, how much time you will devote to each task, what tools (books, conversations, career counseling) you are going to need. Make sure to include the following tasks:

Task	End date	Tools	When you will do that (days and times)
Self-assessment
Creation of a contact network
Analysis of employment opportunities
Creation of CV, cover letter, LinkedIn profile

Regularly monitor how well you are staying on track. Organise the information you gather about organisations, work places, contact network on paper or in the computer, save and organise correspondence with organisations. 

IMPORTANT: If you do not yet know what kind of job you want, start with . Identifying your interests, career values and competences will make it much easier to make sense of the opportunities offered by the job market. 

Be noticed by the teachers

During your studies you have a unique opportunity to make contact with true experts of your field 鈥� your teachers. They were chosen to teach specifically for their deep knowledge and quite often for their vast experience in the field. However, it is not enough to be on the student list to expect their help in job search process. You will need to put effort in order to be noticed by your teachers: well-prepared homework, active participation during the seminars, active interest in their field of research may help. If you are interested in working in a field other than your studies, take the opportunity to choose a free subject from teachers in your field of interest. Try to engage in scientific or other projects coordinated by them.

Stay in touch with classmates

After the teachers, classmates are the second most important part of your contact network. They are all interested in the same field as you, so after graduation you should all be interested in helping each other by sharing information about existing opportunities, organisations and events in your professional field. Here are some ways to be visible among classmates:

• take part in discussions and group tasks during lectures and seminars. Try to show initiative and join group projects. Cooperate.
• add them to your contacts on social networks: Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn.
• meet face to face online or live, maintain not only formal but also informal relationships.

Most importantly 鈥� share your ideas, interest and help each other to develop them. This will allow you to be visible and willing to cooperate. Meanwhile, they will be informed about your fields of interest and, if possible, will be more motivated to share useful information with you.    

Make contact with alumni

It is the third group with which it is worth maintaining a relationship. Senior students will sooner or later become alumni. So, stay in touch with your tutors, take part in defense of the final year theses. Also, do not be afraid to write to those who you are interested in working with in the future, invite them to a business lunch. Another way to connect with alumni is through mentorship. Mentors are the graduates who want to share their experience. Therefore, they can be a great source of information about your professional field and its opportunities.

Be active after classes

Join after class activities: student organisations, scientific societies, non-governmental organisations, projects. The professional contacts established there are strengthened through informal communication and reaching common goals. So, the connections you make here can become the strongest part of your contact network. Also, do not forget to attend events, conferences, career fairs, which are also a great source of contacts. Speakers can also be added to your professional contact network on LinkedIn; you may thank them for a report or an interesting conversation. Information on events for professionals in your field can be found on various websites, such as your faculty's or those of professional associations', as well as on social networks.

Use your contact network

Take a sheet of paper and write down:

          - all the people you know who work in your field;

          - everyone, who knows people working in your field of interest (teachers, alumni, classmates, acquaintances, relatives, etc.);

          - organisations you are interested in.

Mark the most accessible contacts in your list: those, whom you know directly and get on well with, and those, who can help you get connected with the organisations that you are interested in. Next to each marked person put down their contact details or the way you can get in touch with them (e.g., LinkedIn, VU Career Fair).

This is one of the most effective job search methods 鈥� thanks to your contact network you can find out about the "secret" job market and how to better introduce yourself to employers, even if they published their job offers publicly.

Contact organisations directly

Direct contact means self-initiated contact with employers for work or other opportunities (e.g., internship or volunteering). These methods can help you find out about unadvertised job vacancies. Different methods require different amount of time and effort, and their effectiveness also depends on personal ability to communicate, to make a first impression. To assess which of these methods are appropriate, consider the specifics of a particular organisation and position. Below you can find several ways of direct contact:

• sending "massive" or targeted CVs;
• "massive" or targeted calls to organisations;
• visits to organisations;
• filling in job forms at organisations;
• internships;
• participation in contests, projects; short-term jobs;
• participation in career days, job fairs, open days at organisations.

Take advantage of job search services

Another way of searching for a job is to contact counselors and intermediaries who can provide information on employment opportunities (both public and "secret"). If you decide to take this approach, the most important thing is to choose reliable and successful intermediaries. Keep in touch with them and take interest in employment opportunities. This is where you can find them:

• HR companies;
• career centres;
• governmental organisations (Employment Service, etc.);
• professional associations.

Search for job proposals

• Usual job search portals: cvonline.lt, cvbankas.lt, cvmarket.lt.
• International job search portals: Glassdoor; MeetFrank, EURES, etc.
• Social networks, like LinkedIn and Facebook;
• Organisations' web-sites;
• Career days.

This is the most popular way for jobseekers, but it only covers the public (advertised) job market, so you have to compete with a large number of candidates. Remember, some employers do not use job advertisements to find new employees, so be attentive and proactive!

Career Counseling

Career Centre provides career counseling online every work day. University career counselors are professionals in the field ready to help you with any issue. You can sign up for a counseling session via or by phone +370 5 236 6253. Follow this link for more information.

Working hours:

I-IV 8:00鈥�17:00
V    8:00鈥�15:45

(other time that suits you may be suggested as well).

A consultation usually lasts up to 1 hour. No advance preparation is needed.

Training

We also offer training on this topic, where you can get practical advice and directly ask any questions you have! (Training and Events Calendar)

Useful literature and blogs

Follow this link for more information.

Be concise

• Limit yourself to one, mostly two pages;
• Structure all information in the form of bulleted lists and paragraphs;
• Avoid adding too many details and long descriptions.

Include only what is important

The aim of the CV is to be invited for the job interview, not to get the job. Therefore, mention only those aspects that would make the employer want to know more about you.

• Responsibilities;
• Achievements;
• Competences that you would add to the team. 

Do not send the same CV to all companies. Adapt your resume to every company and every job that you are applying for. Pay attention to job requirements, company values and the keywords used in the job offer. Only the matching experience should be mentioned in the CV.

Justify the experience with evidence

• Describe your responsibilities to prove your skills;
• Mention your achievements using numbers, percentage (e.g. every quarter the sales increased by 10%; I was third in the course).

Aim for clarity and order

• Clear font, not smaller than 10pt or 11pt; leave spaces between text blocks; keep margins;
• Avoid slang, general statements (e.g., I contributed to different projects), abbreviations;
• Do not mention that you do not know or cannot do something. CV is a place to show your strengths rather than weaknesses;
• Ask someone to check your resume to avoid mistakes;
• Use active verbs (e.g. "led", "organised", "planned", "evaluated").

Select the most important experience and achievements

1. Write down all your work experience, achievements and the main dates. Include not only your work experience but also your academic achievements, prizes, voluntary activities, sports, extra-curricular activities and other skills and hobbies (e.g. languages, web or IT skills). Write down the main skills that you employed and developed in every experience or that helped to gain certain achievements.
2. Name skills and competences needed for the desired job. You can do that by reading the job offer or company's website. Pay attention to the company's mission, vision, strategic goals and values. 
3. Choose the most suitable achievements and work experience from your list. 
4. Select a CV type 鈥� chronological, functional or mixed (read more about those 鈥� in the fourth step). 

Include these parts in your CV

CV consists of these obligatory parts: 

Personal data
          Name, surname, city and country of residence, phone number, e-mail (note that only a formal e-mail address should be provided, e. g. ), and a LinkedIn link).

Education

• If your work experience is modest, first describe your education;
• If you are studying at the university, do not mention your secondary education;
• Include information about awards, participation in contests, final thesis topic, most important study projects;

Experience or competences

• Include not only paid jobs, but also internships, volunteering, projects; 
• Describe your experience starting with the latest (newest) one;
• Mention the name of the company, position title, responsibilities and the skills developed.

 

Additional optional parts that may help you to stand out:

Desired position. It is mentioned right after the name and surname, at the top of the first page of your resume. Indicate what job you are searching for and in what company e. g. "Project manager in X company".

Abstract. Include 2鈥�3 sentences about your career, your main strengths, what you are searching for. 

Hobbies. Mention those only if they are exceptional, uncommon.

Publications. Mention the name of the article, the journal and the year of publishing. Shortly describe the publications or scientific research.

CV examples and templates

You may find many CV templates and examples on the Internet. They will help to keep the structure of the documents and to deliver the information in a clear way. Here are some examples:
 
 

If you would like to make your resume even more personalized, especially if you need to show creativity skills for the desired position, you may use the graphic design platform 

Common parts of academic CV

          - Personal information. Name, address, phone number, e-mail.

          - Fields of scientific interests. Either list or shortly describe conducted research. 

          - Education. Provide the information about your education, final thesis topics and thesis supervisors.

          - Honors and awards. Indicate any prizes, awards, scholarships or supported projects. 

          - Teaching experience. Indicate all subjects you taught, the educational material you prepared, any thesis supervision, mentorship, maybe even non-academic teaching experience (if you have a lot of experience in teaching, indicate only most relevant to applied position). You may also describe the level of the courses, group sizes and topics you have taught.

          - Administrative experience. Note any conferences, seminars, research groups that you have organised, as well as any committees or projects that you have led or attended.

          - Relevant training. Highlight the courses and seminars you have attended, as well as the licenses you have, etc.

          - Relevant research and technical skills. 

          - Patents (licenses). Indicate the name, inventors, patent number and the date of issue. 

          - Affiliations and memberships. Only mention those that are related to your areas of expertise and the applied position.

          - Publications. Provide all details that you would indicate when quoting. Make sure to unify the style of listing each publication. 

          - References. They should all be academics and all people you have worked with.

Most important recommendations

          - Limit yourself to academic activities. Mention your non-academic achievements only if they are relevant to the position you are applying for. You may also include foreign languages and IT skills.

          - If you consider your nationality as an advantage, you may indicate this information, e. g. if your country is the EU member and the candidates who are EU citizens are given the priority.

          - In case you have any unfinished projects and research, you may list them as well, indicating their status as "planned...", "submitted for publishing...", etc.

          - If you participated by giving a speech, delivering a lecture or seminar, provide this information in a separate section. 

          - Try to find out who will be assessing the application and what is his / her degree. Make sure to use only the terminology and abbreviations that will be clear to the assessor. 

          - Read the "Most important recommendations" provided in the first part of the section "Prepare a perfect CV", as they are also relevant for an academic CV. 

Before writing the cover letter consider the following:

          - Who the letter is addressed to? While writing, try to imagine what the addressee might be expecting to find in the letter.

          - Why should the employer hire you?

          - Which of your competences, experience, achievements are of the most important to this employer?

          - Why is it important for you to work in that company and to do that job?

          - What additional information could you provide, which is not yet included in the CV?

Most important recommendations

          - In case you do not know, who to address the cover letter to, call the company and ask for the name, surname, position and e-mail.

          - The cover letter has to be unique, attractive, well-structured (the letter should be up to one page in length). You may highlight the keywords.

          - The letter has to be easy to read, positive, without any grammar or stylistic mistakes.

          - Do not talk for others, e. g. "Our team has achieved...". Only mention your own achievements.

          - Avoid generalizations, inaccuracies, groundless statements and clich茅s, e.g. "Like all young people...", "I have a lot of valuable knowledge...", etc. 

          - Use active verbs, e. g. "I communicate...", "I am dealing with..."

          - Do not start every paragraph with "I" 鈥� such writing style might annoy the reader, look arrogant and self-centered.

          - A cover letter may be sent in a form of an e-mail message.

          - Make sure to clearly indicate the "Subject" of the e-mail naming the position that you are applying for.

Structure

Usually, the cover letter consists of these parts:

          - Your personal information (name, surname, address, phone number, e-mail).

          - Date.

          - Information of the addressee, who the letter is addressed to (name, surname, position title, company address).

          - A polite salutation (Dear Name Surname).

          - Main body. Usually not less than three and not more than five paragraphs:

                   - the opening paragraph reveals why you are writing;

                   - middle paragraphs describe your motivation and skills (it usually takes 1-2 paragraphs to cover main aspects);

                   - closing paragraph (if needed shortly summarize the information presented above and provide your contact details).

          - Closing (e.g., "Sincerely" or "Kind regards").

          - Signature.

          - Annexes (if you are attaching the CV or other documents).

Example

Here you can find examples of the cover letter.

Profile photo

• Professional. If you are working, choose a photo where you look like on any working day. If you are studying, choose a photo, where you look like going to a job interview. It is better to look "too serious" than unprofessional.
• Natural. LinkedIn is a social platform aimed to create contacts. Therefore, your profile should look like you are inviting others to get in touch with you. It will be easier to feel relaxed while taking photos if you do that in a good mood. 
• Demonstrating your whole face. Avoid photos, where you are wearing sunglasses or ones where your hands are partially covering your face. Take photos from a short distance in order to be clearly seen.
• Recent. On this social platform, it is better to upload a photo not older than 1鈥�2 years.
• High quality. There should not be too many details behind you on the photo. It should be high resolution.

Recommended size of the photo 鈥� 400 x 400 px.

Cover photo

Cover photo will add solidity to your account. Below you will find several ideas for how it could be used for your self-presentation.

• Use a cover photo of your work place or higher education institution.
• You may use this space for the products, services or equipment sold by your company.
• If you are self-employed, it might be a great place to share your latest creations, events, products. 
• If you work in an exceptional building, use a photo of that building, office or work place. 
• If you work from home, take a photo of your desk, equipment that you work with.
• If you work with a graphic design program, you may share the screen view of that program.
• If you are a lecturer, professor or speaker, upload a photo, where you speak to the audience.
• When your work equipment is not as common as a camera, for instance, you may use other details that would "speak" about your work.

Recommended photo size 鈥� 1584 x 396 px. 

There are many programs that will help you create a really attractive cover photo. If you lack ideas, you may turn to graphic design program  and the templates there. 

Analyse the company and the job

Gather the information about the company (products or services, company's philosophy, culture, values, needs and problems), the position (place in the structure of the company, aims, functions, requirements), and the selection process (whom you will meet, how the selection process is organized).

• Read the job ad again. What are the requirements for the candidate? How does your personal experience match those requirements? 
• Try to imagine yourself in the place of the interviewer. What would you ask? What would you expect?

Prepare questions for the interviewer

Consider questions about the company, the job, the work atmosphere. Keep in mind that the questions you ask will also influence the impression that you make on the interviewer. They will show whether you understand the work field, what your priorities are, whether you are curious, enthusiastic and proactive.

Examples:

• Why are you searching for a person for this position?
• What does a typical work day look like?
• What are the short-term and long-term plans for this position?
• What biggest challenges might arise in this job?
• What freedom (in terms of duties, work tools) would I have if I was accepted for this job?
• How is the work evaluated in this position?
• What biggest challenges might the company face in the upcoming three years?
• What do you personally like most in this company / job?
• What is the most important quality that you expect from candidates for this position?
• Would I be trained or would I have to learn on my own?
• When may I expect to be informed about the next stage?

Rehearse

• Imagine the job interview in your mind, write down the answers and rehearse in front of a mirror.
• Rehearse the job interview with a friend or sign up for a mock interview with the VU career counselor.
• It will help you to calm down and gain more confidence.

 

Avoid these phrases during the job interview

"I am searching for a job"
"Money is what matters most to me"
"Maybe, I suppose, I think..."
"I have already said that / it is indicated on my resume"
"So, what do you propose?"
"I want to challenge myself"
Negative language, jokes and familiarity

Prepare for a remote interview

• Download the app / register on a platform where the interview will take place
• Inform the employer if you are late or unable to attend
• Join the conversation at least 2 minutes in advance
• Make sure that the camera and microphone are working properly. Choose a quiet, well-lit room
• Take a look at the company description and the responsibilities of the position
• Take care of proper clothing and personal hygiene

Clothes

• Think in advance what you are going to wear. Make sure your clothes are clean and neat. Find out the common way of dressing in the company for its employees. You can do that by analyzing their website, passing by their office, asking people who work there or even by looking at how their representatives are dressed for career fairs. 
• If that type of clothing is unusual for you, wear it for a couple of days to get used to it.
• Avoid intensive perfume. 
• Have a spare pair of tights / socks in case yours tear.

Arrival to the job interview

In order to arrive to the job interview on time, make sure to have: 

• Precise place and hour of the job interview (arrive no more than 15 minutes in advance)
• Invitation to the job interview and the name of your interviewer
• Phone number of the company
• Copy of your CV
• A list of the most important things that you want to say and questions that you want to ask
• Your personal ID card, work permit or any other documents, if the employer asks to bring those
• The route to the place of interview. If you travel by car, make sure there are no collisions or traffic jams on your way. In case you take public transport, check the schedule in advance; leave at least one bus or trolleybus earlier
• Find out where to park your car
• Have a charged phone 鈥� especially if any of the above information is in it. 

In case your plans suddenly change, make sure to inform the interviewer. They will understand if your studies or family issues cannot be postponed. Also, inform the interviewer in case you are not going to show up 鈥� you never know whether you will have to communicate with those people in the future! 

Body language

Not only what you say is important but also how you say it. You may record yourself while rehearsing for the job interview in order to see your body language. If you do not have such an opportunity, remember the following: 

Sit down. Even though in other situations it would be polite to wait until you are invited to sit down, during the job interview, the interviewer usually expects that you will sit in front of them.

Relax and listen. Demonstrate that you are actively listening by maintaining eye contact, nodding your head, smiling and agreeing when that is appropriate. 

Posture. keep your back and shoulders straight, because then you will look more self-confident. If you sit closer to the ledge of the chair, this will help to keep a good posture. Try not to slouch and cross your legs or arms as it may be perceived as defensiveness.

Keep your hands in place. When we are stressed, we may start touching the accessories, rub hands or twisting our hair. It will be easier to control your hands if you keep them in front of you or on the table. On the other hand, if your gestures are moderate, they may help to better express yourself.

Maintain eye contact. Eye contact is essential if you want to show your interest and engagement. If there are few interviewers, it is normal to maintain eye contact with the one asking questions and occasionally look at others. Also, it is quite normal to sometimes look away, for instance, when thinking what to say.

Psychological preparation

Most people feel stress before a job interview, but remember that it is a normal and encouraging reaction. It proves that this interview is important to you, and also encourages you to get prepared. Remember that a job interview is not an interrogation. The interviewer does not aim to make fun of you or to ruin your image. The interviewer is on your side, willing to help you reveal your best qualities, to make sure they do not miss a great candidate. Also, the interviewer does not expect perfect performance. A job interview is a conversation between two equal parties when both seek to find out whether they meet each other's expectations.

Ways to relax

Breathing. Start with breathing out. Then take a deep breath and exhale so that the exhale is longer than the inhale. Slowing down your breathing will help you to calm down. 

Visualization. Relax, close your eyes and imagine yourself participating in the job interview enthusiastically and successfully. Visualization of success increases the chances to have a successful interview in reality.

You may find more exercises for stress management in our Stress management toolkit. 

Introduce yourself shortly (talk about yourself)

This question opens the opportunity to create a positive impression about yourself and to clearly present your career goals. Before going to a job interview think about a short self-presentation (1鈥�2 minutes). Possible structure:

Introduction: who you are and why you are applying for this job.
Education and training: directly related to the company and the job, career interests and how they are being developed. Mention the achievements and skills maintained during your studies.
Work experience: most important to your current career goals, responsibilities and achievements.
Work and career goals: why you are interested in this job and the company, what your career goals and interests are.
Your added value: how you can contribute to the company.
Short summary.

Example: "I am... During my studies in Business Management and Administration (degree) I have acquired knowledge on how to organize company's work processes. My BA final thesis on the topic "..." got the highest score (achievements). I did my internship at the company "...", where I successfully fulfilled my goals: I improved customer service standards. Due to this, the customer satisfaction index increased by 10 percent (achievements). Because of my knowledge and work experience in customer satisfaction management, I would like to work in this company 鈥� here I could... I am highly interested to work in your company, because... Here I would employ..."

What qualities describe you best?

When answering this question, provide examples where your qualities were revealed.

Example: "I am result-oriented. I always try to see the bigger picture in my mind. This helps to concentrate on the goal and make decisions to achieve that goal. For example, when I was working as a Customer Manager, I imagined how I could increase sales and was always searching for ways to reveal product's best qualities to customers and to achieve better results every month. I also like planning and tracking the progress toward my goals; this motivates me to move forward. 鈥�

What are your strengths?

When speaking about your strengths, you should mention three or four that correspond to company's requirements.

Example: "One of the most important qualities as a cyber security specialist, is my curiosity. I like analyzing scientific literature related to the newest technologies, which helps to keep the existing IT systems secured. I deepen my knowledge not only by reading magazines on cyber security, but also by participating in IT conferences every quarter. It is important for me to keep my knowledge up to date. Besides, it also helps to connect with other people from the field, many out of whom are real IT security experts and leaders. Therefore, now I can take advantage of that social network whenever I need advice or information."

What are your weaknesses?

When revealing your weaknesses, you should speak about your advantages (strengths) that may be perceived as disadvantages in certain situations. It is very important to point out how you are dealing with that quality.

Example: "At the beginning of my career I noticed that my enthusiasm at work made me always say "yes", even when I should have said "no". Consequently, due to the high workload I even worked in the evenings and on weekends. That caused a lot of stress and negatively influenced the quality of my work. I realized how unproductive that was and started using a few workload management tools to set proper expectations for myself and for my colleagues, and to objectively evaluate how much work I can take without burning out."

What are your long-term career goals?

When answering this question, it is important to decide whether the employer will help you to achieve your goals.
Remember that this question is asked to see your motivation and potential added value to the company in the future, i. e. whether this job is connected with your future goals.

Example: "I value stability. My goal is to find a job where I can be both loyal and valued, gradually increasing the level of responsibilities and competences. Credit Union Analytics specialist position is very interesting to me as you have a training program for new employees. My long-term goal is to become the head of the department, after I develop my team-management skills and my analyst competences."

Which of your skills and competences would ensure your successful work in our company?

Name several skills and competences, as well as the achievements connected with them and their value in a new job.

Example: "My problem-solving skills allow me to work under stressful circumstances, which, as far as I understand, are common in this position. In my previous position as Procurement Manager, in a limited time I had to decide what resources to order within a given budget. I quickly created a calculating system that helped to save around 50 000 Eur while I was working for the company."

What do you know about our company?

The answer to this question should demonstrate that you know precise facts about the company and its activities. Remember to always show your knowledge about the company whenever you have such an opportunity, do not wait until you are asked this question.

Example: "I speak Danish fluently. I have noticed that you are going to develop your business in Denmark. Therefore, this language might be very useful."

What are your salary expectations?

If you are asked about your salary expectations during the first interview and do not want to name the precise numbers, you may say that first you would like to know more about the skills and the experience needed for that job. On the other hand, when you prepare for the job interview, find out the average employee salary in this field and think what salary would satisfy you.

Example: "As far as I know, the salary for this position varies from ... to ... euro. It is acceptable for me for this job." 

If this is not your first job and you would like to get a higher salary, justify your request by pointing your competences and added value to the company. 

Illegal interview questions

There are questions that are illegal to ask a candidate, e. g.: are you married? Do you plan to have children? Where were you born? How old are you? Have you been hospitalized in the last five years? When you hear such questions, you may choose whether to answer them or not.

If you decide to answer, first of all, ask yourself what is the purpose of this question for the employer. Answer the question in a comfortable way for yourself, providing work-related information and facts, e. g.:

Question: "Do you have any children?"

Answer: "I realize that this job involves many business trips. However, I can perfectly balance childcare and work. My former employer would confirm that, if you contacted them."

If you decide not to answer such a question:

• Ask: "How is this question related to work?", "Why are you asking this question?".
• Say: "I do not think this question is related to work and the requirements for this position."
• If you are rejected because your answers to such questions do not satisfy the employer, contact the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson and report this incident.

Evaluate the results of the interview

• Remember the interview and consider your impression, the information you received about the company and the position.
• Evaluate whether this company and this job suits you and whether you want to work with these people. 
• If you are not content with some of the questions, ask yourself how you could perform better next time. It is fine to make mistakes and you can make the most of them if you learn from them, instead of criticizing yourself.

Within the 48 hours of the interview send a thank-you note

In this note you can once again remind the employer the most important information about yourself and prove your interest in the company and the position. If the job in the company does not interest you anymore, send a polite rejection note.

Prepare for the further interview

If after the first interview both you and the employer want to continue discussing your candidacy for the position, get ready for the second and further interviews. Usually, these interviews are more specific, all aspects are discussed in more detail: the tasks, the environment, and the challenges. Candidate's competency and motivation are evaluated deeper 鈥� sometimes certain tests or homework assignments are given.